More clarification:
The code seems to execute properly; i.e. LED does blink, but if I set a breakpoint, it never breaks on that breakpoint. If I select “Break All”, it always seems to break in NVIC_SetPriority(), but stepping from there behaves as if it is connected to the wrong source (i.e. does not advance or jumps to some other point in code that has no relation to the previous point).
I tried both the Hal and StdPeriph versions of the project and while both ran properly on the device, in neither case did the debugging seem to work.
I tried uninstalling Visual GDB and re-installing and saw no difference.