I think I found a solution to this issue, though perhaps not the correct one. In -Debug.vgdbsettings file I changed true to false. This prevents the gdbserver file from being output and avoids the duplicate file error with apkbuilder. Debugging in the library code seems to work fine at that point, though it’s acting a bit like optimizations are on (though behavior seems identical whether or not I’ve built the library with NDK_DEBUG=1).